This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict … imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade …

trade flows and direct foreign investment positions with a sample of around 100 countries for the period 1985-1990. Country … region. We find that features of a country associated with more trade with either Japan or the United States also tend to be … important exception. Despite U.S. concern about its trade deficit with Japan, we find Japan to be much more open to the United …

What has driven trade booms and trade busts in the past and present? We derive a micro-founded measure of trade … frictions from leading trade theories and use it to gauge the importance of bilateral trade costs in determining international … trade flows. We construct a new balanced sample of bilateral trade flows for 130 country pairs across the Americas, Asia …

Measured by the ratio of trade to output, the period 1870 1913 marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization … standard, tariffs, and transport costs as determinants of trade. Until 1913 the rise of the gold standard and the fall in … transport costs were the main trade-creating forces. As of 1929 the reversal was driven by higher transport costs. In the 1930s …

In the Belle Époque, Belgium recorded an unprecedented trade boom, but growth in output per capita was lackluster. We … seek to reconcile this ostensible paradox. Because of the sharp decline in both fixed and variable trade costs, the trade … illustrate these claims. In line with new trade theory, the effect of trade on productivity was mediated by sector-level firm …

We document the outbreak of a trade war after the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley tariff in June 1930. U.S. trade … retaliate by increasing their tariffs on imports from the United States. Using a new quarterly dataset on bilateral trade for 99 … possible mechanism whereby the U.S. was targeted despite countries' MFN obligations. The retaliators' welfare gains from trade …

mechanical; (ii) an effect on factoral terms of trade; (iii) a distortion revenue effect that exacerbates or mitigates the … consequences of domestic distortions; and (iv) an effect of trade on the magnitude of those distortions themselves. Our focus lies … on trade flows, production techniques, and a host of distortions (tariffs, other taxes, markups, bribes, theft, credit …