earnings of mothers and employment of grandmothers. Studying a universal childcare program in Quebec, we find formal childcare … increases the employment rates of mothers, as well as that of grandmothers to a lesser extent. Examining heterogeneity of the … program's impact across Census Divisions, we find a negative correlation between the positive effects on mothers' employment …

parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … education and wages for the children born under these policies. The mobility effect, chiefly an increase in intergenerational … mobility in education, stems from heterogeneity in the effects of the policies: children of mothers with fewer years of …

This paper uses birth records from California and mothers who move to quantify the absolute and relative importance of … remaining 84 percent. Place effects are more influential for children of non-college-educated mothers, and are most strongly …

, motherhood, and wages. We find that heterogeneity leads to biased estimates of the "direct" effects of marriage and motherhood on … wages (i.e., effects net of experience and tenure); first-difference estimates reveal no direct effect of marriage or … motherhood on women's wages. We also find statistical evidence that experience and tenure nay be endogenous variables in wage …

Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after … family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we … together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We …

We incorporate pollution exposure into Becker's "Quantity-Quality" (Q-Q) model of fertility and quantify how air … pollution distorts individuals' fertility behaviors in China. We document a robust pattern in which increased pollution over … time negatively affects the fertility of ethnic Han people, who comprise approximately 92% of the Chinese population. These …

limited access to contraception is an important driver of high fertility rates in West Africa. We do not find support for this … about family size and contraception, and social pressure. Free contraception did not influence fertility even in combination …

We investigate women's fertility, labor and marriage market responses to a health innovation that led to reductions in … intensive and extensive margin fertility, a decline in the chances of ever having married, increased labor force participation … allow women to start fertility later and invest more in the labor market. We present a new theory of fertility that …