. We identify research inputs based on a natural language analysis of 10 billion word and word sequence patent pairs in 6 …Intelligently allocating research effort and funds requires deciding whether to build on recent advances or on more … established knowledge. When recent advances create superior opportunities for invention, their adoption as research inputs in the …

received over their careers, we highlight the impact of early U.S. patent institutions in providing broad access to economic … procedures for application, the United States deliberately created a patent system that allowed a much wider range, in … patent institutions. Moreover, by requiring that applications be examined for novelty by technical experts, and by enforcing …

We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on … patent- level estimates of private economic value are positively related to the scientific value of these patents, as … measured by the number of citations that the patent receives in the future. Our new measure is associated with substantial …

patent policy are few. Possible reasons for these limited results are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are …This paper surveys the major changes in patent policy and practice that have occurred in the last two decades in the U … effects of changes in patent policy. Despite the significance of the policy changes and the wide availability of detailed data …

This article examines the relationship between Research & Development (R&D) funding and the production of knowledge by …

two strategies toward that end: imitation and innovation. The theory bears predictions about the evolution of the …

to gauge how efficiency in the patent market affects growth …

encouragement of creation and innovation. Optimal policy depends on the quantitative strength of these two forces. We give a …

We examine the golden age of U.S. innovation by undertaking a major data collection exercise linking historical U … macro and micro-level determinants. We find a positive relationship between innovation and drivers of regional performance … delayed marriage, and tended to migrate to places that were conducive to innovation. Father's income was positively correlated …