consistent with a political agency model in which voters punish politicians for choosing unpopular policies. Our findings provide …

This paper analyzes the effort allocation choices of incumbent politicians when voters are uncertain about politician … would strictly prefer to have a consensus policy implemented. As such, the desire of politicians to convince voters that … allocations. Transparency over the politicians' effort choices can re-enforce the distortions, and for some parameters can be bad …

and patronage-based civil service appointments, as part of reform effort to reshape "who should govern Congress." Our … legislative battles in the short-run, their efforts kept reform on the legislative agenda throughout the late-nineteenth century …

empirical evidence for such 'civic leadership.' We focus on the Forty-Eighters, a group of political refugees from Germany … soldiers' ancestry, we find that the Forty-Eighters had the biggest impact on the enlistment of German Americans, a smaller …

and transferred to West Germany. This inflow increased the German population by almost 20%. Using variation across …