We critically review the emerging literature in Organizational and Personnel Economics concerning the role of managers … and management practices. Our focus is on the middle managers who populate the hierarchies between top executives and …

randomized controlled trial. Consistent with standard practice for training investments within firms, we asked middle managers … or favoritism. Instead, consistent with the fact that supervisor turnover comes at a large effort cost to middle managers … due to gaps in coverage and onboarding, middle managers prioritized retention over productivity impacts. Indeed, treated …

Standard models of hierarchy assume that agents and middle managers are better informed than principals about how to … implement a particular task. We estimate the value of the informational advantage held by supervisors (middle managers) when …

covering compensation for 300,000 middle managers working at modern firms in 146 countries. We estimate that the elasticity of …