or stifle innovation. Using three distinct sources of variation to identify rising trade exposure, we provide a causal …-level and technology class-level patent production. Accompanying this fall in innovation, global employment, sales …The competitive shock to the U.S. manufacturing sector spurred by rising China import competition could either catalyze …

century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent ("title" patents …) or funded a patent assigned to a private organization ("license" patents). The data include a large number of "license …" patents that cannot be linked to government funding from patent text or other sources. Combining the historical data with …

quality, follow-on innovation. Winning a first patent boosts a startup's subsequent growth and innovation by facilitating …We provide evidence on the value of patents to startups by leveraging the random assignment of applications to … examiners with different propensities to grant patents. Using unique data on all first-time applications filed at the U …

We document political sentiment effects on US inventors. Democratic inventors are more likely to patent (relative to …

This paper surveys the major changes in patent policy and practice that have occurred in the last two decades in the U … effects of changes in patent policy. Despite the significance of the policy changes and the wide availability of detailed data … relating to patenting, robust conclusions regarding the empirical consequences for technological innovation of changes in …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from … innovation. The features of these systems take shape as interests at different points in the production chain seek advantage in …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent pools, which allow competing firms to combine their patents, have emerged as a prominent mechanism to resolve … litigation when multiple firms own patents for the same technology. This paper takes advantage of a window of regulatory … tolerance under the New Deal to investigate the effects of pools on innovation within 20 industries. Difference …

against patent-infringing imports entering the United States may be filed before the International Trade Commission (ITC) or …This paper examines intellectual property litigation as a method of protection from patent-infringing imports. Claims … in district court. The ITC applies injunctions (import prohibitions) that would seem to provide more protection from …

-19% fewer citation-weighted patents over the following 10 years. This effect reflects a true loss in innovation rather than a …Worker mobility across firms can enhance innovation by spreading knowledge, but such mobility may also hinder … innovation by making firms reluctant to invest in R&D. A common way that firms limit workers' mobility is with noncompete …

incidence rises 4.1% yearly as US sales share halves. Domestic trade shares closely fit revealed relative resistances with trade …