overlapping tasks but with stark differences in background, training, and pay. Using data from the Veterans Health Administration …

We study direct productivity changes and spillovers after a randomized training program for the frontline workers in a … spillovers to manager productivity changes the organization's implied return on investment from the training program, expanding … the set of training investments that can be supported …

We study the allocation and productivity consequences of training production line supervisors in soft skills via a … randomized controlled trial. Consistent with standard practice for training investments within firms, we asked middle managers … -- who sit above supervisors in the hierarchy -- to nominate members of their supervisory team for training. Program access …

to also invest in its training resources …

Instructional Management (0.3SD) and student learning (0.11SD) with existing systems and personnel. Additional management training …