Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions …, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one … government to influence the human rights, trade, or foreign policies of another government. Sanctions can harm the sender as well …

This paper investigates the implications of international financial sanctions for the reserve currency status of the US … dollar. We propose a simple model of a reserve currency, demonstrate how the anticipation of financial sanctions can weaken …

Penalties for tax evasion are typically financial, but many jurisdictions also utilize collateral sanctions that deny …