International trade became much less multilateral during the 1930s. Previous studies, looking at aggregate trade flows …, have argued that discriminatory trade policies had comparatively little to do with this. Using highly disaggregated … information on the UK's imports and trade policies, we find that policy can explain the majority of Britain's shift towards …

Many previous studies of the role of trade during the British Industrial Revolution have found little or no role for … trade in explaining British living standards or growth rates. We construct a three-region model of the world in which … that while trade had only a small impact on British welfare in the 1760s, it had a very large impact in the 1850s. This …

the efficient institution to do so was Parliament. We show that royal boroughs with trade-favoring geography were much …

these three competing views has explicitly shown the difference between trade expansion driven by booming demand and supply … within the trading economies (e.g., the underlying fundamental, population growth), and trade expansion driven by the …

There are two contrasting views of pre-19th century trade and globalization. First, there are the world history …

This survey reviews the broad changes in U.S. trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have … been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict … imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade …

In this chapter, we describe long-run trends in global merchandise trade and immigration from 1870 to 2010. We revisit … interwar period, and then rebounded (but with much more pronounced growth in trade than in immigration). More substantively, we … change in the composition of merchandise trade towards manufactured goods precisely dating from 1950. Finally, using a triple …

This paper describes broad regional and temporal trends in the evolution of international trade and international … factor flows between 1700 and 1870, including key differences in trade costs across space and time. We find trade links in … to these differences, the chapter lays out theoretical reasons for links between trade and economic growth and examines …

What has driven trade booms and trade busts in the past and present? We derive a micro-founded measure of trade … frictions from leading trade theories and use it to gauge the importance of bilateral trade costs in determining international … trade flows. We construct a new balanced sample of bilateral trade flows for 130 country pairs across the Americas, Asia …