Women enter retirement having spent fewer years in market work, earned less over their lifetimes, and worked in … many women end up with lower levels of retirement income in old age. We use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which … largely between nonmarried men and women. Multivariate models show that 85 percent of this retirement income gap can be …

This paper reviews the literature on gender and culture. Gender gaps in various outcomes (competitiveness, labor force … the level of development, women's education, the expansion of the service sector, and discrimination. More recent … literature has argued that gender differences in a variety of outcomes could reflect underlying cultural values and beliefs. This …

In theory, growing wage inequality within gender should cause women to invest more in their market productivity and … should differentially pull able women into the workforce, thereby closing the measured gender gap even though women's wages … measured women's relative wage growth coincided with growth of wage inequality within-gender, and attribute the measured gender …

panel data from three rather different educational institutions, and use them to examine the relationship between the gender … composition of the students in an academic department and the gender composition of its faculty at the time the students were …

This paper studies the effect of trade liberalization on an under-explored aspect of wage inequality - gender … gender. A reduction in tariffs induces more productive firms to modernize their technology and enter the export market. New … relative wage and employment of women improves in blue-collar tasks, but not in white-collar tasks. We test our model using a …

women's creativity within the nonmarket household sector and outside the patent system. The analysis distinguishes between …'s creativity in terms of a "gender difference" rather than a "gender gap" might yield useful analytical insights. A general … improvements in consumer final goods, changes in designs, and other forms of technological creativity. The results indicate that …

We investigate women's fertility, labor and marriage market responses to a health innovation that led to reductions in … allow women to start fertility later and invest more in the labor market. We present a new theory of fertility that …

implicitly invited to assess their own performance. In a series of experiments, we find that women rate their performance less … favorably than equally performing men. This gender gap in self-promotion is notably persistent. It stays just as strong when we …: eliminate gender differences in confidence about performance, eliminate incentives to self-promote, provide information about …