branded equivalent, while the retailer's margin on the national brand is an upper bound on the retailer's marginal handling … cost for both the brand and private label versions. We find that lower bounds on the 'full' markup ratio range from 3 …

retailer's decision whether to carry an additional national brand or a store brand, and if the retailer chooses to introduce … the latter, where in product space to locate the store brand. Store brands differ from other brands in being both … store brand in a given category. We control for other motivations for carrying a store brand that have been used in the …

predictions of the model. As possible explanations for nearly-uniform pricing, we discuss advertising, tacit collusion, fairness … concerns, and managerial fixed costs, and find the most support for the last explanation. We show that the uniform pricing we …

pricing behavior and the time distribution of transactions. Prices start high and fall as afunction of time on the shelf. The …

This paper examines the impact of e-commerce on pricing behavior and welfare. Using Japanese data, we find that the …