trillion dollars in direct military costs. I review the history of cost forecasts for these ongoing engagements, highlighting … the implications of the war costs themselves. Besides the unanticipated length and breadth of the military conflicts … themselves, a related and equally important component of costs is the life cycle of costs associated with caring for veterans …

This paper attempts to provide a more complete reckoning of the costs of the Iraq War, using standard economic and …, and the CBO's estimates put the projected total direct costs at around $500bn. These figures, however, greatly … underestimate the War's true costs. We estimate a range of present and future costs, by including expenditures not in the $500bn CBO …

relatively low, in the range of 7-9%. At current levels of supply, the marginal social costs of primary care visits appear to be …