productivity; iv) the quality composition of firms, inventors, and teams; and v) the direction of research effort, e.g., toward … applied versus basic research, or toward dirty versus clean technologies. We give ideas drawn from research on how the design …

research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the … quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This …

-established Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) entered thousands of R&D contracts with industrial and academic … paper, we study the long-run effects of the OSRD-supported research effort on U.S. invention. Using data on all OSRD …

firms to develop new products in the future. While existing research demonstrates that expected profits fuel R&D investments …

War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the … Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research which yielded innovations like mass … appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy …

government grants. We argue that there is no single best mechanism for supporting research. Rather, mechanisms can only be … an intramural activity to largely a grant process. Finally, we observe that much research is supported by a hybrid system …

European countries do less research than Japan and the United States. We use a quantitative multi-country growth model … to ask: (i) Why is this so? (ii) Would there be any benefit to expanding research in Europe? (iii) What would various … European research promotion policies do? We find that (i) Europe's lower research effort has more to do with the smaller …