We conduct parallel surveys of legislators and citizens in three countries to study their tolerance for corruption. In … Italy, Colombia, and Pakistan legislators and citizens respond similarly to hypothetical scenarios involving trade …-offs between, for example, probity and efficiency: both perceive corruption as undesirable but prevalent. These novel descriptive …

for private gain. We study the relationship between discretion and corruption in Italian government procurement auctions …, using a confidential database of firms and procurement officials investigated for corruption by Italian enforcement … associated with corruption only when conducted with fewer than the formally required number of bidders or employing discretionary …

We examine the correlation between gender and bureaucratic corruption using two distinct datasets, one from Italy and a … second from China. In each case, we find that women are far less likely to be investigated for corruption than men. In our … Italian data, female procurement officials are 34 percent less likely than men to be investigated for corruption by …

Adequate wages are an important tool to shield public officials from special interests and corruption. But what is the … significantly more likely to prevent corruption in public procurement, a key area of illicit interactions between the state and … limit corruption, but also foster the use of violence as an alternative tool to influence policymaking …

We analyze the organization of corruption in a state agency. The dual mandate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo … profits and distortions beyond those that would be made possible via corruption by individual state officials …

disutility from corruption,' i.e., the trade-between more generous social assistance and losses due to corruption and fraud …. Merely mentioning corruption reduced perceived program success, equivalent to distributing more than 20 percent less aid …. However, respondents were not sensitive to the amount of corruption--respondents were willing to trade off $2 of additional …

arise when monitoring corruption is difficult relative to monitoring the provision of public services, and politically …-important groups of citizens do not bear the full cost of corruption. The existence of such systems can distort the effective incidence … of the tax burden, reduce the incentives of government to fight corruption, and legitimize bribe-taking …