We study the role of physicians in driving geographic variation of US healthcare utilization. We estimate a model that … separates variation in average utilization of Medicare beneficiaries due to physicians, non-physician supply side factors, and … patient demand. The model is identified by migration of patients and physicians across areas, as well as by variation in …

effectiveness of these incentives, however, depends both on physicians' price sensitivity and their knowledge of patient prices. We … information. Applying this model to diabetes care, we find that physicians lack detailed price information and are more price …-elastic than full-information models imply. We predict that providing physicians detailed information on prices at the point of …

. In these ways, AI may wither complement or substitute for physicians. We argue that AI represents the culmination of …

: the number of physicians in the physician's group (if any); the physician's integration with or employment by a hospital … or hospital system; and the average age of the other physicians in the physician's group. We present three key findings …. First, all else held constant, group physicians prescribe far fewer opioids, and prescribe them more appropriately, than do …

out-of-network referrals from primary care physicians (PCPs) to specialists. We estimate a difference-in-differences model …, exploiting changes in EHR developer adoption by physicians' affiliated hospitals. After a change in the PCP's EHR developer …