. Although we find that direct reforms improve medical productivity primarily by reducing malpractice claims rates and …

little or no incremental value. In this paper, we draw on macroeconomic models of diffusion and productivity to better … differences in the propensity to adopt technology can lead to wide and persistent productivity differences across countries -- or … productivity, and swamp the impact of traditional factor inputs. Holding technology constant, the marginal gains from spending on …

As countries reform their patent laws to be in compliance with the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement …, an important question is how increased patent protection will affect drug prices in low-income countries. Using …

models using annual U.S. time-series data on life expectancy, health expenditure, and medical innovation. Reliable annual … data are available for only one type of innovation - new drugs - but pharmaceutical R&D accounts for a significant fraction … innovation (in the form of new drug approvals) and expenditure on medical care (especially public expenditure) contributed to …