production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is … standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show …

Trade between the whole of Africa and China (imports and exports summed) grew from $10.6 billion to $73.3 billion … between 2000 and 2007, and between Sub-Saharan Africa and China from $7 billion to $59 billion over the same period. China is … million in 1990 to $2.6 billion in 2006. On the basis of these data, one frequently hears the claim that China is now a …

methodological challenges by measuring standardization via national penetration of ISO 9000, allowing standardization to manifest via …-signaling augmenting country-pair trade. Yet, ISO-rich nations (most notably European) benefit the most from standardization, while ISO …

China- and US-centric trade blocs …

life expectancies in poor and rich countries began to converge. Another example comes from China, where authorities …