universities. The two reforms have adopted different models in the allocation of university patent ownership. The former completely … allocated the patent ownership to universities, while the latter allocated 70% of the patent ownership to the inventors. Based … on Chinese patent data and university statistical data, we empirically test the effects of these two university-patent …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to … proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output. The paper also illustrates how …

We study the determinants of patent suits and their outcomes over the period 1978-1999 by linking detailed information … from the U.S. patent office, the federal court system, and industry sources. The probability of being involved in a suit is … patent system generates incentives, net of expected enforcement costs, that differ across inventors. Patentees with a large …

countries from 2000-2013. The World Trade Organization required its member countries to implement a minimum level of patent …We examine the effect of pharmaceutical patent protection on the speed of drug launch, price, and quantity in 60 … protection within a specified time period as part of the TRIPS Agreement. However, members retained the right to impose price …

This paper examines three sets of explanations for variations in the strength of patent protection across sixty … countries and a 150-year period. Wealthier nations are more likely to have patent systems, to allow patentees a longer time to … likely to charge higher fees and limit patent protection in some important ways. Countries with democratic political …

pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts … either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for … positive relationships with the domestic R&D expenditure and domestic pharmaceutical patent awards in the US. The interaction …

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider … a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size, in their capacities for innovation … policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study …

of the developing world introduces patent protection for new drug products. This may lead to more research on drugs to … those already offering such protection the situation offers a unique opportunity to examine the incentive role of patent … provides a baseline' against which future research activity can be compared once the new global patent regime is fully …