economics. We found that women in economics were 15% less likely to be promoted to associate professor after controlling for … promotion in other fields including biomedical science, physical science, political science, mathematics and statistics, and …

United States and Europe. The gender gap in research funding has closed at the National Science Foundation and National …

and economic lines. History offers many examples of the recurring tensions between science and organized religion, but as …, unimpeded science, a passive Church and high levels of taxes and transfers. Second, a "Theocratic" regime with knowledge …

Knowledge of how science is consumed in public domains is essential for a deeper understanding of the role of science … in human society. While science is heavily supported by public funding, common depictions suggest that scientific … quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This …

Getting science policy right is a core objective of government that bears on scientific advance, economic growth …, health, and longevity. Yet the process of science is changing. As science advances and knowledge accumulates, ensuing … cycle and (ii) from solo researchers toward teams. This paper summarizes the evidence that science has evolved - and …

from science and engineering relative to other fields. I find that the higher relative exit rate is driven by engineering … rather than science, and show that 60% of the gap can be explained by the relatively greater exit rate from engineering of …-related constraints and dissatisfaction with working conditions are only secondary factors. My results differ due to my use of non-science …

in science, but the gender gap is entirely explained by fertility decisions. We find that in science overall, there is no … that women in science will advance up the academic job ladder beyond their early post-doctorate years, while both marriage …

value from them. We argue that the growing reliance on science in inventions enhances MFT. In addition to higher quality … inventions, reliance on science may enhance gains from trade and reduce the transfer cost of knowledge and other transaction … costs. Using large scale data, we show that patents citing science are more likely to be traded, especially for novel …