A central question in applied research is to estimate the effect of an exogenous intervention or shock on an outcome …

We construct shock elasticities that are pricing counterparts to impulse response functions. Recall that impulse … response functions measure the importance of next-period shocks for future values of a time series. Shock elasticities measure … the contributions to the price and to the expected future cash flow from changes in the exposure to a shock in the next …

government spending shock. In addition, the deep-habit model predicts that in response to an anticipated increase in government …

This paper develops a structural VAR model to measure how a shock to one country can affect the GDP of other countries …. It uses trade linkages to estimate the multiplier effects of a shock as it is transmitted through other countries' output …-trade matrix. For example, due to these output-multiplier effects, a shock to one country can have a large impact on countries that …