This paper develops a novel method to identify the causal contribution of managers to team performance. The method … someone who consistently causes their team to produce more than the sum of their parts. Good managers have roughly twice the … impact on team performance as good workers. People who nominate themselves to be in charge perform worse than managers …

: individuals who finish their PhD when the average team in their field is larger have worse career prospects. Our analysis combines … data on career outcomes from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients with publication data that measures team size from ISI Web … of Science. As average team size in a field increased over time, junior academic scientists became less likely to secure …

-- who sit above supervisors in the hierarchy -- to nominate members of their supervisory team for training. Program access …