endowments and investments (education and smoking in pregnancy) on the probability of having a baby who is small for gestational … maternal education and smoking in pregnancy, and investigate whether women endowed with different traits have different returns … mainly operate by changing maternal smoking, and that the physical fitness of the mother has a direct, "biological" effect on …

This paper reexamines differences found between income gradients in American and English children's health, in results … the same time period, the income gradient in children's health increases with age by the same amount in the two countries … are larger in the English sample than in the American sample, and that income plays a larger role in buffering children …

-reported and biomarker measures of tobacco use, to examine the effects of state-level tobacco 21 (T21) laws on smoking and vaping …. T21 laws reduce self-reported cigarette smoking among 18-to-20 year olds, concentrated in males. Initial non-users who … "age-out" of treatment are less likely to subsequently initiate self-reported smoking or vaping. Treated smokers are less …

-cigarette and smoking participation among older adults (ages 25+). Our findings suggest that statewide comprehensive flavor bans may … have generated an unintended consequence by encouraging substitution towards traditional smoking in some populations …

cigarette smoking. Finally, there is no evidence that ENDS flavor restrictions affect ENDS use among adults aged 21 and older or …

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Because e-cigarettes do not involve the combustion of … tobacco, vaping offers the potential to prevent most of the health consequences of smoking. We study the impact of an … perceptions and vaping and smoking behavior; and national aggregate time-series sales data. We find that after the outbreak …

menthol use and smoking behaviors, many quitting behaviors, and cigarette purchase behaviors. Although menthol use is much … more common among Black smokers, Blacks are less likely to be current smokers, and conditional on current smoking Blacks … are less likely to be daily smokers, are less likely to have started smoking before age 18, smoke fewer cigarettes per day …