received over their careers, we highlight the impact of early U.S. patent institutions in providing broad access to economic … procedures for application, the United States deliberately created a patent system that allowed a much wider range, in … patent institutions. Moreover, by requiring that applications be examined for novelty by technical experts, and by enforcing …

We propose a new measure of the economic importance of each innovation. Our measure uses newly collected data on … patent- level estimates of private economic value are positively related to the scientific value of these patents, as … measured by the number of citations that the patent receives in the future. Our new measure is associated with substantial …

creation of formal technology licensing offices at universities. Up until approximately the mid-1980s, university patents were …

We estimate the effects of technology investments on the demand for skilled workers using longitudinally integrated … unobservable components within each business for each year from 1992 to 1997. We measure technology using variables from the Annual … between advanced technology and skill in a cross-sectional analysis of businesses in both sectors. The more comprehensive …

startup advantage in terms of forward citations and outlier-patent rates. Further, startup innovation is both more original …What is the role of startups within the innovation ecosystem? Since 2000, startups have grown in their share of … ventures in the innovation process relative to more traditional alternatives such as academia and established private …

"Innovation and entrepreneurship are ubiquitous today, both as fields of study and as starting points for conversations … a nuanced understanding of where innovation and entrepreneurship occur and where they matter. Answering these questions … allows for strategic public investment and the infrastructure for economic growth.The Role of Innovation and Entrepreneurship …

A defiining feature of modern economic growth is the systematic application of science to advance technology. However … major changes in the American innovation ecosystem over the past century. The past three decades have been marked by a … firms and university technology transfer offices cannot fully substitute for corporate research, which had integrated …

innovation is not the same innovation freely available but the unchanged generic technology. Growth is concentrated in any …So long as the entry and exit of firms using the generic technology sets the price in an industry, one or more price …. Consumer welfare is increased if an innovator creates a proprietary technology such that the market equilibrium price is …

Will fast growing emerging economies sustain rapid growth rates until they "catch-up" to the technology frontier? Are … frontier? This paper models agents growing as a result of investments in innovation and imitation. Imitation facilitates … technology diffusion, with the productivity of imitation modeled by a catch-up function that increases with distance to the …

During the Industrial Revolution technological progress and innovation became the main drivers of economic growth. But … innovations. Over 40 percent of the sample here never took out a patent. Third, skilled workmen in Britain often published their …