This paper proposes a novel approach to measure disclosure in patent applications using algorithms from computational ….S. applications in three patent categories related to nanotechnology, batteries, and electricity from 2000 to 2019. Relying on the … for different source documents that patent attorneys can draw on, we confirm the relevance and usefulness of the …

function of patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor fields in order to examine the extent to which outside …

on patents as an incentive for innovation, the effectiveness of patents for invention disclosure, patent valuation, and … what we know about the design of patent systems. We also look at what is known about some current policy areas, including … software and business method patents, university patenting, and the growth in patent litigation …

The Plant Patent Act of 1930 was the first step towards creating property rights for biological innovation: it … introduced patent rights for asexually-propagated plants. This paper uses data on plant patents and registrations of new …

This chapter reviews the data and literature on gender, race and ethnicity differences in research funding in the … United States and Europe. The gender gap in research funding has closed at the National Science Foundation and National … definitive conclusions in the face of contradictory evidence on the gender funding gap. We conclude that access to high …

significant gender differences in willingness to participate under competition. Among those in STEM fields, we detect no … statistical gender differences. These results and broader patterns documented in the study are consistent with significant … heterogeneity in competitiveness across both men and women, with field and career sorting resulting in differences (in gender …

favorably than equally performing men. This gender gap in self-promotion is notably persistent. It stays just as strong when we …: eliminate gender differences in confidence about performance, eliminate incentives to self-promote, provide information about …-promotion opportunities, this self-promotion gap may contribute to persistent gender gaps in education and labor market outcomes …

a larger gender wage gap. In the data women with children allocate more time to household care and are penalized by … missing work during peak hours. An equilibrium model with these key elements generates a gender wage gap of 6.6 percent or … equalized across occupations and set to a relatively low value (i.e. Health care support), the gender gap would fall by more …

. Most of the gender gap in STEM entry can be traced to differences in the rate of STEM readiness; less than a fifth is due … in STEM readiness among university entrants into two channels: one reflecting the gender gap in the fraction of high … females and males who enter university. The gender gap in the fraction of students with STEM prerequisites is small. The main …