protectionism. Specifically, countries that remained on the gold standard resorted to tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls …

commodity markets between 1913 and 1938. There was dramatic disintegration during World War I, gradual reintegration during the …, they cannot explain the post-1929 increase in trade costs. Protectionism seems the most likely alternative candidate …

In the evolving debate and analysis of global imbalances, a commonly overlooked issue pertains to rising protectionism … a dynamic general equilibrium model of the world economy encompassing four regional blocs. Simulation exercises are …

-globalization sentiment. Furthermore, individuals view protectionism and anti-immigrant policies as complements rather than as substitutes …

reports a set of world tariff facts for the 150 years between 1789 and 1938 that have not been well appreciated. First, tariff … industrially-lagging Europe, and more steeply even in Asia. Furthermore, after world tariff rates rose between 1865 and 1900, they … world tariff facts come from two sources: Stolper-Samuelson -- scarce factors should lobby for protection when exposed to …

This paper uses a new database to establish a key finding: high tariffs were associated with fast growth before World … controlling for novel measures of the changing world economic environment. Rejecting alternative explanations based on changing … head in a world environment characterized by a moderately higher level of generalized tariff protection. We confirm the …