external finance, facilitating the formation of new establishments, and improving the efficiency of capital allocation across … overall financial development boost industry growth, new establishment formation, and efficient capital allocation, having a …

Estimating the effect of trade on capital flows is difficult given the inherent identification problem. We use … fluctuations in rainfall to capture the exogenous variation in trade between Germany, France, the U.K., and the Ottoman Empire … increase in Ottoman exports, which in turn causes a 10 percent increase in capital inflows from the three source countries. Our …

We examine the sales of French manufacturing firms in 113 destinations, including France itself. Several regularities … participation; (3) average sales in France rise very systematically with selling to less popular markets and to more markets. We …

an improved current account). France's decision to suspend the free coinage of silver in 1876 played a paramount role in … France's decision to end bimetallism was exogenous from the viewpoint of countries on the silver standard. To deal with … international capital flows, the most export oriented countries will manage to mitigate the negative effects of a currency mismatch …

globalization in France has been a huge growth in vertical specialization -- the completion of the different production stages of a … that in France vertical specialization -- defined as the share of imported inputs in production -- rose from 9% in 1977 to …