information is symmetrically distributed and the scoring bias is set to offset the initial asymmetry between players …--always maximizes the expected total effort. However, the optimal contest may deliberately create bilateral asymmetry--which discloses …

that Japan is not spending much on basic technology development cannot be empirically substantiated from the study of the … technology.The second part of the paper is to show how two countries, one with heavy R&D activities in basic technology (the U ….S.A.)and the other with heavy R&D activities in applied technology(Japan), can compete in the world market with their productivity …

and inventories, as the firms are more able to avoid the intense competition in low inventory states. While average bids …