Adequate wages are an important tool to shield public officials from special interests and corruption. But what is the … significantly more likely to prevent corruption in public procurement, a key area of illicit interactions between the state and … limit corruption, but also foster the use of violence as an alternative tool to influence policymaking …

rates in Italy since 1887, comparing the extent of 'electoral-violence cycles' between areas with a higher and lower … presence of organized crime, under democratic and non-democratic regimes, proportional and majoritarian elections, and between … contested and non-contested districts. We provide additional evidence on the influence of organized crime on politics using …

effects of corruption vary across different contexts be developed …

Using cross-country and Peruvian data, I show that victims of misfortune, particularly crime victims, are much more … are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of …

Canonical models of crime emphasize economic incentives. Yet, causal evidence of sorting into criminal occupations in … formal-sector employment induces crime. Regression discontinuity estimates show this policy generated reductions in formal …-sector employment and a corresponding spike in organized crime, but no effects on crimes of impulse or opportunity …

for private gain. We study the relationship between discretion and corruption in Italian government procurement auctions …, using a confidential database of firms and procurement officials investigated for corruption by Italian enforcement … associated with corruption only when conducted with fewer than the formally required number of bidders or employing discretionary …

We examine the correlation between gender and bureaucratic corruption using two distinct datasets, one from Italy and a … second from China. In each case, we find that women are far less likely to be investigated for corruption than men. In our … Italian data, female procurement officials are 34 percent less likely than men to be investigated for corruption by …