causal impact of openness on democratization. A positive impact of openness on democracy is apparent from about 1895 onwards …We study whether international trade fosters democracy. The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed …. Late nineteenth century trade globalization may have helped generate the "first wave" of democratization. Between 1920 and …

representative democracy. The basic association, however, is conditioned on the relative strength of the indigenous groups within a … Europe a positive impulse towards the development of representative democracy. It shows that contemporary regimes are shaped …

A majority of the world democracies are far from the benchmark of representative democracy. This paper presents a model … characterized by competitive elections. We show that the model can produce dynamics of transition into democracy without requiring …

In this paper we revisit the relationship between democracy, redistribution and inequality. We first explain the … theoretical reasons why democracy is expected to increase redistribution and reduce inequality, and why this expectation may fail … to be realized when democracy is captured by the richer segments of the population; when it caters to the preferences of …

We provide evidence that a history of democracy at the local level is associated with contemporary democracy at the … national level. Auxiliary estimates show that a tradition of local democracy is also associated with attitudes that favor … democracy, with better quality institutions, and higher level of economic development …

Over the last two centuries, many countries experienced regime transitions toward democracy. We document this … democratic transition over a long time horizon. We use historical time series of income, education and democracy levels from 1870 … to 2000 to explore the economic factors associated with rising levels of democracy. We find that primary schooling, and …

How does democracy emerge from authoritarian rule? Influential theories contend that incumbents deliberately choose to …, democratization occurred not because incumbent elites chose it but because, in trying to prevent it, they made mistakes that weakened …

democracy and favors the process of democratization. We combine survey data with country-level measures of democracy from 1960 … integrated with democracies are, at the time of the survey, more supportive of democracy. In line with the change in citizens …' preferences, economic integration with democratic partners has a large, positive effect on a country's democracy score. Instead …

interventions to support democratic elections. Yet little evidence exists on whether elections enhance the domestic legitimacy of … Afghanistan is a democracy; (2) whether the police should resolve disputes; (3) whether members of parliament provide services …