This paper presents a simple synthesis of Keynesian, monetary, and portfolio approaches to macroeconomic theory under flexible exchange rates. By including the key features of all the partial approaches in a general model, we show that some of the important contrasts that have been drawn between...

The paper discusses the consequences for the functioning of different pension systems of various types of socioeconomic changes, mainly demographic developments, variations in productivity growth and changes in real interest rates. Two of the pension systems have exogenous and four have...