requirements since Basel I. It is found that regulated banks (UK-owned banks and resident foreign subsidiaries) reduce lending in … response to tighter capital requirements. But unregulated banks (resident foreign branches) increase lending in response to … that: (i) changes in capital requirements affect loan supply by regulated banks, and (ii) unregulated substitute sources of …

This paper seeks to understand the interplay between banks, bank regulation, sovereign default risk and central bank … guarantees in a monetary union. I assume that banks can use sovereign bonds for repurchase agreements with a common central bank …, and that their sovereign partially backs up any losses, should the banks not be able to repurchase the bonds. I argue that …

In 1936-37, the Federal Reserve doubled the reserve requirements imposed on member banks. Ever since, the question of … fundamental reserve demands of Fed member banks, we find that despite being doubled, reserve requirements were not binding on bank …

17 advanced economies since 1870. The new data show that the share of mortgages on banks' balance sheets doubled in the … course of the 20th century, driven by a sharp rise of mortgage lending to households. Household debt to asset ratios have … risen substantially in many countries. Financial stability risks have been increasingly linked to real estate lending booms …

demonstrate that loose monetary conditions lead to booms in real estate lending and house prices bubbles; these, in turn …