potential injurers with the lowest litigation cost. Our main result is that the optimal penalty on a losing plaintiff is … deterrence with lower litigation costs. This result is developed first in a model in which all suits are assumed to go to trial …

A model of patent infringement is developed to analyze the relationship between litigation and aspects of the legal … environment such as the probability that the patent is found valid, the size of legal fees and their allocation across agents … this game has a fundamental impact on the value of patent protection to a patentee. This model is then linked to a patent …

We report the results of the first comparative study of the determinants and effects of patent oppositions in Europe … thirty times higher than the rate of re-examination at the USPTO. Moreover, opposition leads to a revocation of the patent in … about 41 percent of the cases, and to a restriction of the patent right in another 30 percent of the cases. Re …

transactions should increase litigation risk. We identify a new source of gains from trade, comparative advantage in patent … effect of trade on litigation. We find that taxes strongly affect patent transactions, and that reallocation of patent rights …We study how the market for innovation affects enforcement of patent rights. Conventional wisdom associates the gains …