needn’t capture treatment effects for students who haven’t applied to charter schools or for students attending charters for …. Students enrolled in the schools designated for closure are eligible for “grandfathering” into the new schools; that is, they … attendance: the grandfathering instrument compares students at schools designated for takeover with students who appear similar …

Spending on big-time college athletics is often justified on the grounds that athletic success attracts students and …

comprehensive high schools into small schools with roughly 100 students per grade. We use assignment lotteries embedded in New York … attendance causes a substantial increase in college enrollment, with a marked shift to CUNY institutions. Students are also less … likely to require remediation in reading and writing when at college. Detailed school surveys indicate that students at small …

We ask whether failing one or more of the state-mandated high-school exit examinations affects whether students … probability that students graduate by 7.6 percentage points. The effects are greater for students scoring near each cutoff than … for students further away from them. We explain how the multi-dimensional regression-discontinuity approach provides …

. Among students enrolled in the poorest third of schools, the effect is 7.3 percentage points. Smaller classes increase the … likelihood of earning a college degree by 1.6 percentage points and shift students towards high-earning fields such as STEM …

schools enroll a growing share of students. We also evaluate an alternative to the charter model, Boston's pilot schools …