- immediately after birth for men and around the time that temporary disability insurance benefits are exhausted for women - is …

husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from … in two earner households, and the growth in women's labor market activity and earnings, the Social Security system now …, women enjoyed a more rapid growth of labor force participation, hours of work and covered earnings than men. This increased …

Recent lab and field experiments suggest that women are less effective than men in a competitive environment. In this … paper I examine how individual performance in a real work place is affected by a competitive environment and by its gender … ranking, winning rate and awarded prize did not differ by gender nor between teachers in competition groups with only female …

supply of women who were currently married in 1950 and 1960. We use mobilization rates for various groups of men (by age … largest and most robust impacts on both weeks worked and the labor force participation of married white (non-farm) women. The … impact, moreover, was experienced primarily by women in the top half of the education distribution. Women who were married …

Until the early decades of the 20th century, women spent more than 60% of their prime- age years either pregnant or … nursing. Since then, improved medical knowledge and obstetric practices reduced the time cost associated with women …'s reproductive role. The introduction of infant formula also reduced women's comparative advantage in infant care, by providing an …

versus work by roughly the increased number of weeks allowed. Since income replacement was 100% for most women, the reforms …