We examine the relationship between patent protection for pharmaceuticals and investment in development of new drugs …. Patent protection has increased around the world as a consequence of the TRIPS Agreement, which specifies minimum levels of … pharmaceutical research efforts, and so greater patent protection in developing and least-developed countries might result in greater …

policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study … international patent agreements by deriving the properties of an efficient global regime of patent protection and asking whether … harmonization of patent policies is necessary or sufficient for global efficiency. …

scientist and (b) applied for (an eventually granted) patent with non-patent references, where these references are used …

existence of strong patent laws encourage innovation? And 2) May patent laws influence the direction - as opposed to the rate … to address problems with the current patent system: 3) How do patent pools, as a mechanism to mitigate litigation risks …

This paper studies how patent rights and price regulation affect how fast new drugs are launched in different countries … duration and content of patent and price control regimes. Price regulation strongly delays launch, while longer and more … extensive patent protection accelerates it. Health policy institutions, and economic and demographic factors that make markets …

This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms' backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from … associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified …, as well as those used in firm basic research. We also find that firms' patenting and citing strategies affect patent …