random subset of farmers who (endogenously) did not borrow. These farmers have lower - in fact zero - marginal returns to the … grants. Thus we find important heterogeneity in returns to investment and strong evidence that farmers with higher marginal …

The investment decisions of small‐scale farmers in developing countries are conditioned by their financial environment … conducted several experiments in northern Ghana in which farmers were randomly assigned to receive cash grants, grants of or …, farmers are able to find resources to increase expenditure on their farms. Demand for insurance in subsequent years is …

consistent with the claim that index-fund investing has become more important relative to commerical hedging in determining the …

We implemented a randomized intervention among Malawian farmers aimed at facilitating formal savings for agricultural … inputs. Treated farmers were offered the opportunity to have their cash crop harvest proceeds deposited directly into new … bank accounts in their own names, while farmers in the control group were paid harvest proceeds in cash (the status quo …

capital needs of farmers, and (b) delegating selection of borrowers for individual liability loans to local trader … productive, whereas the GBL scheme attracted farmers that were riskier on average and highly heterogeneous in terms of …

. While most farmers primarily work on their own fields, off-farm labor is common among small-scale farmers. A growing …

, these results are robust to changes in specification. Since farmers can engage in a more extensive set of adaptations in …