order belief", on asset price volatility. The paper shows that heterogeneous expectations induce higher order beliefs and … that heterogeneous expectation asset pricing models thoretically generate more volatility than rational expectation models … results shows that a model with higher order beliefs generates a level of volatility in line with the price volatility …

pricing model. Implied volatility smiles appear to be explained by the negative asymmetry of the filtered historical … hedging in the presence of large volatility shocks. …