conclude that the sulfur tax has been important for reducing sulfur emissions. It affects energy prices, and hence substitution … from heavy fuel oil (HFO) to light fuel oil (LFO), as well as substitution from oil to other energy sources. The sulfur tax …

increasing the tax differential between leaded and unleaded gasoline depending on the objective of the social planner. …The objective of this paper is to analyze in both descriptive and econometric terms the phase-out of leaded gasoline … consumption in the EU countries. The phase-out process is characterized by increased consumption of unleaded gasoline. We analyze …

policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on the other is sometime preferable, even if the pollutants are …