This study analyses the stringency of EU environmental regulations. Contrary to the proposition of an economic -trading up- of standards, the positive theory of environmental federalism which is developed allows for an examination of political mechanisms and the effects of regulation. Empirical...

Foreign direct investments (FDI) are seen as pivotal in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, balance of payment (BoP) statistics on FDI are often sketchy and out-dated and are thus of little help in distinguishing between different forms of...