El Salvador’s first competition law took effect on 1 January 2006. The law, following some important amendments in 2007, is sound in most respects. It employs enforcement standards that are consistent with best practices in the worldwide competition community. It provides the new competition...

This paper deals with the intersection between intellectual property licensing and competition. It was prepared as a background note for a discussion held at the OECD in June 2019 on independent sector regulators.

This report supports the improvement of Thailand’s competition law enforcement by providing an overview of select jurisdictions’ practices concerning merger guidelines, with the view of providing an input for guidance documents to be drafted or amended by the Thai authorities.

This paper discusses criteria used when setting fines and how these criteria relate to the ultimate goals of deterring and punishing competition law offences. It was prepared as background material for the session "Criteria for Setting Fines for Competition Law Infringements" held at the 2013...

This paper highlights some practical approaches for competition authorities pursuing digital platform enforcement cases, given the unique challenges this can involve. It explains the key features of digital platform market dynamics and emphasises the importance of selecting and prioritising...

This paper provides an overview of different methodologies regarding corporate fines, including recent developments, used to calculate fines for infractions of competition law as well as the various elements that are taken into consideration when determining the appropriate fine level. It was...

This paper explores how the basic amount of a fine is calculated, analyses how the basic fine adjustments due to aggravating and mitigating circumstances vary or converge across jurisdictions and reviews several challenges competition authorities often face when levying fines based on the...