In many countries a new concept is emerging as an alternative to command-and-control regulation: the concept of shared responsibility between governments and businesses. Governments and businesses are seeing a need for co-operation and partnership, rather than confrontation and adversarial...

Traditionally, pay analysis in the public sector has been based on cross section data, such as average or median wages. This study differs in that micro longitudinal data are used to explain and compare pay determination in the French and Italian civil services. Based on examples, the report...

The native-born unemployment rate is calculated as the share of unemployed native-born persons aged 15-64 in the native-born labour force (the sum of employed and unemployed native-born) of that same age. Unemployed persons consist of those who report that they are without work during the...