Conflicts in North and West Africa have become more violent and widespread than in the past. They have also become more difficult to resolve due to the complex relationships between a growing number of belligerents with diverging agendas. Building on a dataset of more than 36 000 violent events...

Severe disruptions to global markets caused by Russia’s war on Ukraine have exposed vulnerabilities to the security of the supply of raw materials critical for industrial production and for the green transition. These supply chain vulnerabilities are the result of export restrictions,...

Hard-core cartels are the most egregious violations of competition law. What are the most appropriate tools to fight them? . In this book, the OECD identifies an increasingly successful  "carrot-and-stick"  approach -  applying stiffer punishment for cartel operators and enhancing programmes...

The OECD Competition Committee debated cartel sanctions against individuals in October 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Andreas Reindl of the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Chinese Taipei, Israel,...

This paper explores how the basic amount of a fine is calculated, analyses how the basic fine adjustments due to aggravating and mitigating circumstances vary or converge across jurisdictions and reviews several challenges competition authorities often face when levying fines based on the...

The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 100 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal...