The Latvian government established the Housing Affordability Fund in mid-2022, a long-term self-sustaining financing model to channel investment into affordable housing. The fund is now being scaled up to ensure lasting impact on the Latvian housing market. This report identifies options for...

This report outlines the essential features of a Tax Control Framework (TCF) and addresses revenue bodies’ expectations of TCFs. It includes a discussion of the issue of materiality, as it is important to understand the relationship between what is material for the purposes of systems of...

Ten years into the transition, newly emerging private enterprises in transition economies, usually described as small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the international context, have come to play an increasingly important role as the driving engines of economic growth and employment...

Das vorliegende Buch untersucht die Finanzierung neuer Privatunternehmen in den Transformationsländern. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen und ihre Möglichkeiten auf den Kapitalmärkten. Ob und in welchem Umfang der Staat diesen Unternehmen durch Kredite und...

This report examines the approaches adopted in 23 OECD and EU countries for evaluating the performance and cost-effectiveness of publicly supported credit guarantee programmes for SMEs. It finds that some evaluations are conducted using rigorous stateof-the art policy evaluation approaches which...