Trade in goods includes all goods which add to, or subtract from, the stock of material resources of a country by entering its economic territory (imports) or leaving it (exports). This indicator is measured in million USD. Goods are physical, produced items over which ownership rights can be...

How do taxes and charges for transport in, for example, France compare with those in Germany? Do hauliers in one country pay more than in the other, and what impact does this have on the profitability of haulage in each country? Is the impact of an increase in tax on diesel the same in each...

Que nous apprend la comparaison des taxes et redevances françaises et allemandes ? Les transporteurs paient-ils davantage dans un pays que dans l'autre ? Si tel est le cas, quel effet cette différence a-t-elle sur la rentabilité des transports dans chacun des deux pays ? L'impact d'une hausse...

Recent advances in the scientific understanding of urban traffic congestion have only strengthened the already solid case for congestion charges as an element of a successful urban transport policy. But examples of real-world congestion charging systems remain few and far between. What can be...

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Israeli system of local government finance, with a focus on the role of the Israeli property tax, known as the Arnona. Local governments are financed through a combination of revenue, primarily from central government grants and from the...

Subnational governments’ capacity to effectively fund and deliver public services are crucial for the realisation of the benefits of decentralisation. However, subnational capacities often suffer from significant weaknesses, ranging from inadequate assignments of own-revenues, through to flaws...

This report draws on three detailed case studies from Armenia, the Russian Federation and Turkey and on the experience of OECD countries to provide guidance on how transfers from central budgets to local authorities could be designed to finance environmental infrastructures in transition...