This paper aims at providing guidance on the benefits and challenges of criminal enforcement while exploring the economic deterrence theory and the retribution theory that have emerged in the criminalisation debate. It also offers an overview of criminalisation trends across jurisdictions,...

Since regaining independence in the early 1990s, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have developed effective competition policies, as part of a process toward achieving functioning market economies. All three countries have competition laws and competition agencies which enforce them. All three are...

The OECD Competition Committee debated the relationship between regulators and competition authorities in June 1998. This document includes an executive summary, an analytical note by the OECD and submissions from Australia, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany,...

The OECD Competition Committee debated public procurement in June 2007. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by the OECD, written submissions from Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Japan,...

Agency independence from political power is a key element of an effective competition regime. Competition authorities differ from each other and they operate in jurisdictions which often have significant legal, political and cultural differences. Thus, there is no one size-fit-for-all model for...

This paper covers the interactions between competition authorities and sector regulators, formally and in practice, in the most frequent situation when the competition authority is a stand-alone body that enforces competition law in all sectors. In addition, it focuses on enforcement cases,...

This paper was prepared as a background note for discussions on “The Optimal Design, Organisation and Powers of Competition Authorities” taking place at the December 2023 session of the OECD Competition Committee’s Working Party No. 3 on Co-operation and Enforcement.

Fighting poverty remains a top priority and a key challenge to many countries including in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Although LAC countries have strengthened their competition policy in the past decade, poverty has increased in the region, mostly as effect of the recession which...

The OECD Competition Committee debated Institutional and Procedural Aspects of the Relationship between Competition Authorities and Courts and Update on Developments in Procedural Fariness and Transparency in October 2011. This document includes an executive summary of that debate, written...