Government support for industrial firms can come in many different forms and through a range of channels, varying in ….02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms …’ energy costs, suggesting a sizable impact on firms’ profits and operating margins. The results have important policy …

interventions in manufacturing remains notoriously difficult due to a persistent lack of reliable and comparable data. With many … governments failing to provide sufficient information, attention has increasingly turned to firm-level data as a possible … support across key industrial sectors and policy instruments. The results show that: (i) the type of support received by firms …