This paper provides a brief overview of the pro- and anti-competitive effects of vertical restraints as identified in the literature and case practice and discusses how pro-competitive effects or efficiencies are analysed and assessed within different legal and economic assessment frameworks....

Vertical mergers are increasingly becoming a focus of attention, due to a number of recent high-profile cases in the technology, media and telecom (TMT) sector. Evidence suggests that vertical mergers are generally pro-competitive, as they are driven by efficiency-enhancing motives such as...

Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also shows how these can be linked to other statistics...