This paper discusses the extent to which, and how, government subsidies could be part of the competition analysis by competition authorities. For this, it identifies the potential competition concerns of subsidies – predominantly “deep pockets” and potential subsequent predation – and...

This paper describes how digital platforms have transformed the distribution and consumption of news content and the complex competitive dynamics between news publishers and digital platforms. It was prepared as background for a discussion on Competition issues concerning news media and digital...

This report investigates how competition agencies can respond to the challenges posed by the multi-sided nature of platform markets, which are particularly common in the digital economy. It asks whether the antitrust tools that are traditionally used to define markets, to assess market power and...

The links between trade policy and competition policy have become more important in recent years. With tariff reductions, trade negotiators are looking increasingly at non-border policies that distort trade and at non-governmental barriers to trade. And, as official barriers to trade and...