Este documento explora a função dos vales sociais como um instrumento de inclusão social e desenvolvimento local. Apresenta uma tipologia dos vales e dos respetivos objetivos, que regem os quadros institucionais e regulamentares, a utilização pelos governos nacionais e locais e a economia...

En este documento se estudia el papel de los bonos sociales como instrumento para la inclusión social y el desarrollo local. El documento presenta una tipología de los bonos y sus objetivos, de los marcos institucionales y regulatorios vigentes, del uso que hacen de ellos los gobiernos locales...

This paper explores the role of social vouchers as a tool for social inclusion and local development. It presents a typology of vouchers and their objectives, governing institutional and regulatory frameworks, use by national and local governments, and the social economy (Section1). It analyses...

Social safety nets protect citizens against hardship. By offering compensation, social safety nets may help overcome the political resistance to trade liberalisation and structural reform, but they can also weaken the incentives to work and save. Depending on their design, safety nets may also...

This study examines reforms to civil service pension arrangements in a number of developing countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America. These arrangements are a significant component of public-sector remuneration in many developing countries and they can carry substantial risks, not only...

This dataset reports average personal income tax and social security contribution rates for a single person without dependent, at various multiples (67%, 100%, 133%, 167%) of the AW/APW. The average wage (AW) is based on a single person at 100% of average earnings, no child. The results use tax...

This dataset reports average personal income tax and social security contribution rates for a single person without dependent, at various multiples (67%, 100%, 133%, 167%) of the AW/APW. The average wage (AW) is based on a single person at 100% of average earnings, no child. The results use tax...

This dataset reports average personal income tax and social security contribution rates for a single person without dependent, at various multiples (67%, 100%, 133%, 167%) of the AW/APW. The average wage (AW) is based on a single person at 100% of average earnings, no child. The results use tax...

This dataset reports average personal income tax and social security contribution rates for a single person without dependent, at various multiples (67%, 100%, 133%, 167%) of the AW/APW. The average wage (AW) is based on a single person at 100% of average earnings, no child. The results use tax...

This dataset reports average personal income tax and social security contribution rates for a single person without dependent, at various multiples (67%, 100%, 133%, 167%) of the AW/APW. The average wage (AW) is based on a single person at 100% of average earnings, no child. The results use tax...