complexity. A particularly challenging form of support is energy inputs offered to industrial producers at below-market prices … companies and their subsidiaries operating in energy-intensive industries, namely aluminium smelting, steelmaking, chemicals … (including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and …

Meeting the Paris Agreement goals will need a rapid acceleration of finance towards clean energy investments in … clean energy, whilst preserving scarce public resources for wider climate and development objectives. A systematic approach … specific features of clean energy projects, and the wider transition, to draw lessons for donors, policymakers in beneficiary …